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The Ecology and Harvest of Andiroba Seeds for Oil Production in the Brazilian Amazon
Campbell Plowden

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.: Meliaceae) is a canopy tree found in moist
tropical forests in Amazon, Central America and Africa. Manual and mechanical
methods have been used to extract oil from its seeds for use in insect repellent and traditional medicine, and as an ingredient in mosquito repellent candles and medicinal soap. Forest communities need a better understanding of the ecological and economic aspects of andiroba seed and oil production to decide if and how collecting more of these seeds can be done sustainably and profitably. I worked with Tembe Indians in the eastern Brazilian Amazon in 1998-99 to investigate the ecology and economics of andiroba seed production. We found that andiroba tree (³10 cm DBH) density in mostly intact forest near Tekohaw village averaged 6.5 trees hañ1. While some trees started reproducing in the 10-20 cm DBH class, 46-63 per cent of trees ³ 30 cm DBH had flowers or fruits in the two seasons observed. Trees reached peak flowering in the mid-rainy season in March, and most fruit fell in the early dry season in June and July. In 1999 a group of fortysix reproducing trees yielded an average of 0.8 kg of seeds treeñ1. Up to 29 per cent of these seeds had been infested by moth and fly larvae, partially consumed by mammals or germinated. Each tree produced an estimated average of 1.2 kg seeds with 33 per cent being removed by mammals. This production is much less than the 50-300 kg seeds per tree averages cited in other accounts. The study ís one measurement of seed transformation to oil (14.4 kg seed to a litre oil yield)